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:''This is a sub-article to Białystok'' The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries, during all this time the fate of the city has passed between various political and economic forces. From surviving documentation we know that around 1437, a representative of the family Raczków, Jakub Tabutowicz with the coat of arms of Łabędź, received from Michael Žygimantaitis son of Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Duke of Lithuania, a wilderness areas located along the river Biała that marked the beginning of Białystok as a settlement.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Miasta w Dokumencie Archiwalnym )〕 During the years 1617–1626, the first brick church and the beautiful castle on a rectangular plan, two floors, the Gothic-Renaissance style built by Job Bretfus. Extension of the castle continued by Krzysztof Wiesiołowski, since 1635 Grand Marshal of Lithuania and the owner of several administrative and royal and married Aleksandra Marianna Sobieska. In 1637 he died childless, thus Bialystok came under the management of his widow. After her death in 1645 the Wiesiołowskis estate, including Białystok, passed to the Commonwealth, to maintain Tykocin Castle. In the years 1645–1659 Bialystok managed by governors of Tykocin. It was then a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Czasy rodu Wiesiołowskich )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Marszałkowie Sejmu )〕 In 1661 it was given to Stefan Czarniecki as a reward for his service in the victory over the Swedes. Four years later, as a dowry of his daughter Aleksandra who married Jan Klemens Branicki, thus passing into the hands of the Branicki family. In 1692 Stefan Mikołaj Branicki, the son of Jan Klemens Branicki (Marshal of the Crown Court), obtained the rights to the city of Białystok from King John III Sobieski and built Branicki Palace in the city on the foundations of former defensive castle of Wiesiołowskis' family.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=History of the City )〕 In the second half of the 18th century the ownership of the city was inherited by Field Crown Hetman Jan Klemens Branicki.〔 It was he who transformed the previously existing palace built by his father into the magnificent residence of a great noble. At the end of the 19th century, the majority of the city's population was Jewish. According to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (so around 63% percent).〔 〕 This heritage can be viewed on the Jewish Heritage Trail in Bialystok.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=UWB Official website )〕 From the very beginning, the Nazis pursued a ruthless policy of pillage and removal of the non-German population during World War II. The 56,000 Jewish residents of the town were confined in a ghetto. On 15 August 1943, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising began, and several hundred Polish Jews and members of the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation ((ポーランド語:Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa)) started an armed struggle against the German troops who were carrying out the planned liquidation of the ghetto. Capital of administrative divisions Over the course of the last 200 years, the city has been the capital of numerous administrative divisions of a number of countries or occupying powers; * Capital of the New East Prussia province, Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807 * Capital of the Belostok Oblast, Russian Empire from 1807 to 1842 * Capital of the Belоstok Province of the Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire from 1842 to 1915 * Capital of the Bialystok-Grodno District of the German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost during World War I (1915–1918) 〔War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I, Review author(): Peter Gatrell〕 * Capital of the Białystok Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic from 1919 to 1939 〔Maly rocznik statystyczny, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939) 〕 * During World War II it was the capital of the Belastok Voblast, Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 and 1944 to 1945 * Capital of Bezirk Białystok during the World War II occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 * Capital of the Białystok Voivodeship, People's Republic of Poland from 1945 to 1999 Białystok was, from 1945 until 1975, the capital city of the Białystok Voivodeship. After the 1975 administrative reorganization of the People's Republic of Poland, the city was the capital of the smaller Białystok Voivodeship which lasted until 1998. Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.〔 ==Prehistory and Protohistory== Archaeological discoveries show that the first people settled on the territory of the present Bialystok already in the Stone Age. Tombs of ancient settlers found in the district Pieczurki, Dojlidy and in some other parts of the city.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Museums (Podlaskie Museum) )〕 In the early Iron Age a mix of Prussians, Yotvingians and population Wielbark culture, after which the remaining kurgan – probably the tombs of the chiefs in the area in the village Rostołty.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Białystok – Local history )〕 Since then, the Białystok area has been at the crossroads of cultures. Trade routes linking the Baltic to the Black Sea favored the development of settlements with Yotvingia-Ruthenian-Polish cultural characteristics.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Białystok」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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